Micrometeorological observations of a soil surface during the partial phases of the total solar eclipse of March 7, 1970

Simultaneous observations of net radiation and temperature for the entire partial eclipse were obtained at a site with maximum obscuration of 92% of the direct solar radiation. A strongly negative net radiation of −96 mly/min comparable to nocturnal conditions (−110 mly/min) was found at minimum light. Since lowlight levels under normal daytime conditions (thick clouds) coincide with weak temperature gradients, organisms with both optical and thermal sensors may show a confused behavior under eclipse conditions. The contribution of direct solar radiation to the net radiation was computed using limb-darkened solar eclipse functions (included in an appendix) which show considerable departures from the uniform disk approximation. Gleichzeitige Beobachtungen der Strahlungsbilanz und der Temperatur wurden für die Dauer der partiellen Phase der Sonnenfinsternis an einem Beobachtungsort angestellt, an dem zur Zeit der maximalen Finsternis 92% der direkten Sonnenstrahlung ausfielen. Eine stark negative Strahlungsbilanz von −96 mly/min, die nächtlichen Bedingungen (−110 mly/min) entspricht, wurde zum Zeitpunkt minimaler Einstrahlung vorgefunden. Da niedrige Lichtwerte unter normalen Tageslichtbedingungen (bei dichter Bewölkung) mit schwachen Temperaturgradienten zusammenfallen, können Organismen mit optischen und thermichen Sensoren unter den Bedingungen einer Sonnenfinsternis unregelmäßig reagieren. Der Beitrag der direkten Sonnenstrahlung zur Strahlungsbilanz wude mittels einer im Anhang angeführten Funktion berechnet, welche auf der Randverdunkelung der Sonne beruht. Diese Funktion zeigt bedeutsame Abweichungen gegenüber der Annahme einer gleichmäßigen Sonnenscheibe.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41664/1/704_2005_Article_BF02242882.pd

NACA Technical Notes

Report presenting analytical considerations of the energy transformations in convective-type clouds indicate that a simple function of the height of convective activity and horizontal-temperature variations could yield a measure of the gustiness in clouds. A simplified relation that may be used to forecast the maximum effective gust velocities within convective-type clouds is developed. The analysis indicates that the method might be extended to almost all cloud types

Stochastic modelling of the areal extent of weather conditions /

If the probability of a 24-hour rainfall, exceeding 1/2 inch, is 10 percent over a small area like a barn, how much greater is the probability of such an amount falling somewhere within a 1000-sq mile region. The generalization of this problem is to relate the probability of a meteorological event at a single location to the problem of its occurrence within a specified area or along a specific line of travel. A Monte Carlo technique was applied to a variable that is normally distributed everywhere in a horizontal space. The procedure produced synoptic maps in which the correlation between the elements at two stations decreases determinably with increasing distance between the stations. On each synoptic map the minimum in various-sized areas or along line segments of various lengths was found. From a large number (like 10,000) of such synoptic fields it was possible to plot estimates of the probability distributions of areal minima (or maxima) or minima (or maxima) along lines of travel. This kind of modelling was tested and found effective on temperatures along flight-path segments of several hundred to several thousand miles in length at 100 mb and on New England 24-hour rainfall. (Author)."Aeronomy Laboratory Project 8624."AD0775986 (from http://www.dtic.mil)."30 November 1973."Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-50).If the probability of a 24-hour rainfall, exceeding 1/2 inch, is 10 percent over a small area like a barn, how much greater is the probability of such an amount falling somewhere within a 1000-sq mile region. The generalization of this problem is to relate the probability of a meteorological event at a single location to the problem of its occurrence within a specified area or along a specific line of travel. A Monte Carlo technique was applied to a variable that is normally distributed everywhere in a horizontal space. The procedure produced synoptic maps in which the correlation between the elements at two stations decreases determinably with increasing distance between the stations. On each synoptic map the minimum in various-sized areas or along line segments of various lengths was found. From a large number (like 10,000) of such synoptic fields it was possible to plot estimates of the probability distributions of areal minima (or maxima) or minima (or maxima) along lines of travel. This kind of modelling was tested and found effective on temperatures along flight-path segments of several hundred to several thousand miles in length at 100 mb and on New England 24-hour rainfall. (Author).Mode of access: Internet